In most cases of civil engineering development, a range of alternative schemes meeting project goals are feasible, so some form of evaluation must be carried out to select the most appropriate to take forward. Evaluation criteria usually include the economic, environmental and social contexts of a project as well as the engineering challenges, so engineers must be familiar with the processes and tools used. The second edition of Engineering Project Appraisal equips students with the understanding and analytical tools to carry out effective appraisals of alternative development schemes, using both economic and non-economic criteria. The building blocks of economic appraisal are covered early, leading to techniques such as net present worth, internal rate of return and annual worth. Cost Benefit Analysis is dealt with in detail, together with related methods such as Cost Effectiveness and the Goal Achievement Matrix.
The text also details three multi-criteria models which have proved useful in the evaluation of proposals in the transportation, solid waste, energy and water resources fields: the Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) Model, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) technique and Concordance Analysis. There is a full discussion dealing with risk and uncertainty in these models. With many worked examples and case studies, Engineering Project Appraisal is an essential text for both undergraduate and postgraduate students on professional civil engineering courses, and it is expected that students on planning and construction management courses will find it a valuable addition to their reading.
Engineering Project Appraisal 2e
Description
Table of Contents
Preface xiii Introduction xv PART 1 ECONOMICS-BASED PROJECT APPRAISAL TECHNIQUES 1 1 Decision Making and Project Appraisal 3 1.1 Decision making context 3 1.2 Techniques for decision making 4 1.3 Primacy of the rational model 13 1.4 Decision-making conditions 14 1.5 Project planning process 16 1.6 Example of a decision process 22 1.7 Summary 25 1.8 Review of succeeding chapters 26 2 Basic Tools for Economic Appraisal 29 2.1 Introduction 29 2.2 The time value of money 29 2.3 The estimation of interest 30 2.4 Simple and compound interest 31 2.5 Nominal and effective interest rates 33 2.6 Continuous compounding 34 2.7 Time equivalence 35 2.8 Economic computation 37 2.9 Summary 50 3 Present Worth Evaluation 51 3.1 Introduction 51 3.2 Present worth the comparison process 52 3.3 Summary 65 4 Equivalent Annual Worth Computations 67 4.1 Introduction 67 4.2 The pattern of capital recovery 67 4.3 Modifying annual payments to include salvage value 69 4.4 Evaluating a single project 71 4.5 The comparison process 72 4.6 Summary 77 5 Rate of Return Computation 79 5.1 Introduction 79 5.2 Minimum Acceptable Rate of Return (MARR) 79 5.3 Internal Rate of Return (IRR) 80 5.4 IRR for a single project 80 5.5 Incremental analysis 87 5.6 Summary 94 6 Benefit/Cost Ratio Depreciation and Taxation 96 6.1 Introduction 96 6.2 Costs, benefits and disbenefits 96 6.3 Estimating the benefit/cost ratio for a single project 97 6.4 Comparing mutually exclusive options using incremental benefit/cost ratios 98 6.5 Depreciation 99 6.6 Taxation 102 6.7 Summary 104 7 Cost Benefit Analysis of Public Projects 107 7.1 Introduction 107 7.2 Historical background to cost benefit analysis 108 7.3 Theoretical basis for cost benefit analysis 110 7.4 The procedure of cost benefit analysis 111 7.5 Identifying the main project options 111 7.6 Identifying costs and benefits 111 7.7 Placing valuations on all costs and benefits/disbenefits 112 7.8 Assessing and comparing the cost benefit performance of options 115 7.9 Sensitivity analysis 117 7.10 Final decision 119 7.11 Case study: the cost benefit analysis of a highway improvement project 119 7.12 Case study: water supply scheme in a developing country 128 7.13 Case study: cost benefit analysis of sewer flooding alleviation 135 7.14 Advantages and disadvantages of traditional cost benefit analysis 137 7.15 Techniques for valuing non-economic impacts 138 7.16 Using cost benefit analysis within different areas of engineering 148 7.17 Summary 151 8 Economic Analysis of Renewable Energy Supply and Energy Efficient Projects 154 8.1 Introduction 154 8.2 Policy context 154 8.3 Renewable energy supply and energy efficient technologies 157 8.4 Economic measures for renewable energy and energy efficient projects 163 8.5 Estimating GHG emissions 179 8.6 Uncertainty 183 8.7 Case studies 186 9 Value for Money in Construction 193 9.1 Definition of Value for Money 193 9.2 Defining Value for Money in the context of a construction project 194 9.3 Achieving Value for Money during construction 194 9.4 Whole-life costing 195 9.5 The concept of milestones 196 9.6 Detailed description of the Value for Money framework 197 9.7 Value for Money and design 206 9.8 Is there a conflict between Sustainability and Value for Money 211 9.9 The role of better managed construction in delivering projects on time and within budget 213 10 Other Economic Analysis Techniques 216 10.1 Introduction 216 10.2 Cost effectiveness 216 10.3 The Planned Balance Sheet 220 10.4 Hill's Goal Achievement Matrix 227 10.5 Summary 239 PART 2 NON-ECONOMIC-BASED PROJECT APPRAISAL TECHNIQUES 241 11 Multicriteria Analysis 243 11.1 Introduction 243 11.2 Multicriteria evaluation models 244 11.3 Simple non-compensatory methods 246 11.4 Summary 255 12 The Simple Additive Model 257 12.1 Background 257 12.2 Introduction to the Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) Method 259 12.3 Sensitivity testing 261 12.4 Probabilistic Additive Weighting 264 12.5 Assigning weights to the decision criteria 270 12.6 Checklists 282 12.7 Case Study: Using the Simple Additive Weighting Model to choose the best transport strategy for a major urban centre 292 12.8 Summary 298 13 Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) 300 13.1 Introduction 300 3.2 Hierarchies 301 13.3 Establishing priorities within hierarchies 301 13.4 Establishing and calculating priorities 303 13.5 Relationship between AHP and the Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) model 316 13.6 Summary 316 14 Concordance Techniques 318 14.1 Introduction 318 14.2 Concordance Analysis 319 14.3 PROMETHEE I and II 321 14.4 ELECTRE I 328 14.5 Other Concordance Models 331 14.6 Summary 339 15 Concluding Comments 343 15.1 Introduction 343 15.2 Which project appraisal technique should one use? 343 15.3 Future challenges 344 References 345 Interest Factor Tables 346 Index 368
Author Description
Martin Rogers BE, MEngSc, PhD, BA(Public Ad), CEng, MICE, MRTPI, Chartered Engineer and Chartered Town Planner is currently an Assistant Head of School in the School of Civil and Building Services Engineering. Aidan Duffy BA, BAI, MBA, PhD is a lecturer at the Dublin Institute of Technology where he specialises in the financial, economic and policy assessment of renewable energy technologies and energy efficient systems.